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🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures

📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)

✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)

✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)

✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)

✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)

✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)

✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)

✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)

✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)

✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)

✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)

✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
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🔆 Case Study: Sinking of Joshimath

📍 Joshimath, located in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, is facing severe land subsidence driven by both natural vulnerabilities and human-induced stress.

✅ Key Geophysical Factors
• Located in a high-risk seismic zone (Zone V).
• Lies over active fault lines — Vaikrita Thrust and Main Central Thrust.
• Built on geologically unstable terrain of old landslide debris.

✅ Human-Induced Stress
• Unregulated construction and large-scale hydroelectric projects have disturbed the fragile ecosystem.
• Increased rainfall and blocked drainage systems further exacerbate ground instability.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Urgent steps needed include:
• Regulated development
• Scientific and geological reassessment
• Seismic risk mitigation planning

Protecting Joshimath demands a balance between ecology and development.

📝 Mains GS1 Q
Q. The crisis in Joshimath highlights the tension between environmental fragility and developmental pressures in Himalayan towns. Analyse the causes of the crisis and suggest sustainable solutions.

#GS1 #Geography #DisasterManagement #Joshimath

An entire sea of water can't sink a ship unless it gets inside the ship. Similarly, the negativity of the world can't put you down unless you allow it to get inside you.

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📘 Land, Forest, and Water Data – Snapshot

✅ 1 million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted (more than the entire continent of Antarctica) by land degradation
🔹 UNCCD – Land Degradation

✅ 27.77% of the total land area is degraded
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Land Degradation

✅ 46% global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity
🔹 UNCCD Report – Drylands

✅ Forest Cover in India = 25% of geographical area (81 million hectares)
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Forest Cover

✅ There has been a net increase of 58,891 sq km in forest cover and 14,277 sq km in tree cover in the last two decades (2001 to 2021)
🔹 ISFR 2021

✅ Area under mangroves = 4992 sq km
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Mangroves

✅ 1.3 million hectares area covered under afforestation schemes
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Afforestation

✅ Remaining global forest cover is 60% — well below the safe boundary of 75%
🔹 UNCCD report – Forest Cover

✅ 20% of Earth’s land surface covered by the savanna is now under threat from cropland expansion and poorly planned afforestation
🔹 UNCCD report – Grasslands

✅ 47% aquifers of the world are being depleted faster than they are replenished
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water

✅ More than 50% of world’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water, Rivers, Dam


#Data #GS1 #GS2 #GS3 #mains

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🔆 Coastal Landforms – UPSC Notes

📍 Classification & Significance | Erosion, Deposition, and Government Response

✅ Erosional Landforms
➤ Headlands and Bays: Waves erode softer rock (bays); harder rock forms headlands.
➤ Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms: Cliffs formed by relentless wave pounding; erosion creates flat platforms at the base.
➤ Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps: Waves carve caves in headlands → grow into arches → collapse into stacks → eroded into stumps.

✅ Depositional Landforms
➤ Beaches: Formed by accumulation of eroded rock fragments by wave action.
➤ Spits, Bars and Lagoons: Spits = sand extensions into sea; when connected across a bay = bars, forming lagoons behind.

✅ Significance of Coastal Landforms
➤ Tourism Hubs: Especially beaches (major attractions).
➤ Mineral Resources: Beaches may contain gold (Subarnarekha River) & thorium (Kerala).

✅ Threats of Coastal Erosion
➤ Vulnerable Coastlines: 33.6% of India’s coastline under threat; Odisha most affected (28%).
➤ Community Impact: Loss of boats, nets, fishing spaces; habitat destruction and displacement.

✅ Government Measures to Prevent Erosion
➤ Mangrove planting & shelterbelts
➤ Installing Geo-tubes
➤ Rs. 2500 crore under 15th Finance Commission for resettlement of displaced families and mitigation efforts.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Which of the following is a depositional coastal feature?

(a) Stack
(b) Cliff
(c) Lagoon
(d) Cave
✅ Ans: (c) Lagoon

📝 Mains Q (GS1 – Geography)
Discuss the formation and significance of coastal landforms. How is coastal erosion impacting India’s coastal communities and what measures are being taken to mitigate it?

#GS1 #Geography #CoastalErosion #DisasterMitigation

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